Liver is the largest gland Essay Example

Liver is the largest gland Essay Liver Liver is merely non like any other organ, which can be compensated by other variety meats or human machines. It is one of the of import parts of organic structure which performs many critical maps. Physically it is positioned in the upper portion of the venters exactly on the right side, merely beneath the stop. Its physical expressions are ruddy brown with four lobes pouching out. Basically liver s chief function is to hive away and filtrate blood. Without liver all the sugar consumption by human organic structure would neer be passed out until it converts sugar to glycogen which dissolves in blood and excretes the waste. It besides produces biochemical such as gall which helps in digesting nutrient. Liver is the largest secretory organ in the human organic structure. It is besides a complex structured secretory organ. This organ at any minute shops around 1 pint of blood, which Is tantamount to 13 per centum of human blood. The liver fundamentally has 4 subdivisions, which is besides known in medical nomenclature as lobes. These lobes are divided every bit on either side of the liver. The lobes are structured in multisided units which we call the lobules. Amazingly a liver has about fifty to hundred lobules. Within the lobules are centrifuges called pits, which makes the liver spongy in order to keep blood. Furthermore these lobules have a gall capillary, which transfers the gall off from liver. Equally shortly as the gall is excreted out of the liver it forms a hepatic canal. A liver produces bile even when there is no nutrient to procedure. In this state of affairs the extra gall has to be excreted through the saddle sore vesica. We will write a custom essay sample on Liver is the largest gland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Liver is the largest gland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Liver is the largest gland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Amazingly scientific research workers have found more than 500 maps of liver. As mentioned above some maps would be to bring forth gall by hepatic cells, secrete glucose, create vitamins, and to change over ammonium hydroxide to urea and other metabolic activities. Other than this the liver chief map is to digest nutrient. This is done by the gall produced by liver which flows through the little bowel and dissolves the nutrient we eat. Historically liver in Greek was named as hepatic, therefore today all the medical term related to liver starts with hepato. Let us now look at the cardinal characteristic of liver, which is the blood flow. The liver is besides called the double blood supply because it transfers 75 per centum of blood supply around the organic structure. Along with blood it contains oxygen supply which is required to make in all parts of the organic structure. Its cardinal characteristic of extinguishing waste and observant minerals and foods make it critical for endurance. Therefore without the liver a individual would free energy and its blood would non be able to coagulate usually. Apart from blood supply it besides acts a reservoir for the human organic structure indispensable vitamins. It shops gloucose, vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B-12, Iron and Cu. After hive awaying these it besides excretes albumens, which is an of import ingredient for blood serum. It besides synthesizes angiotensinogen, which is indispensable for the kidney to raise blood force per unit area when needed. Not merely this, liver besides shops nutrient in itself. This nutrient is released when the organic structure requires the minerals and foods it needs in the blood. Every organ of a human organic structure is prone to diseases. Due to the fact it is a critical organ needed to work other variety meats, its deficiency of working would harm the whole organic structure and endurance will go critical. Normally hepatitis A, B, C, E is associated with liver disease. But there are many more such as intoxicant harm, malignant neoplastic disease, fatty liver and drug amendss, which affects the liver. When a individual is affected with one of the diseases mentioned above so the hazard of acquiring icterus additions. Basically the ground behind this is the increased degree of hematoidin produced by deformation of ruddy blood cell. Bilirubin is a xanthous fluid produced in the liver when worn-out ruddy blood cells are broken down. The liver is a strong secretory organ and holds a great power to renew and go stable once more. But if the harm is high so symptoms could take to a black result. In order to forestall this, a liver map trial is performed. A liver map trial is clinical research lab trial, whereby blood checks are designed to demo the patients liver province. Basically liver diseases are difficult to observe at start, this is because the marks of diseases are low and undetectable at early phase to the patient. Some of the marks are pale stools, dark piss, swelling and contusing. These symptoms may be caused by other conditions besides, therefore it is hard to place the exist ent beginning. One of the major diseases called diabetes is sometimes led by fatty liver, normally happening in corpulent individual. Some people may besides see autoimmune hepatitis. This status has to make with the organic structure bring forthing antibodies that really attack liver cells. Normally Young to middle elderly adult females are frequently diagnosed with this status but it is going more common among aged people. Some of the symptoms may include utmost weariness, icterus and even blood trials that show there is liver harm ( liver tissue, 2010 ) . High intoxicant ingestion is one of the most common causes of liver disease. However, high intoxicant ingestion as a cause for unnatural liver trial consequences is frequently non apparent and may even be denied. A readily gettable blood trial to uncover whether intoxicant is the likely cause would be valuable. However, many patients who doubtless consume high sums of intoxicant and so are alcoholic and show elevated serum transaminase degrees do non demo a high AST/ALT ratio ( Nyblom, 2004 ) . Alcohol ingestion leads to malignant neoplastic disease of liver, pancreas, oral cavity, and pharynx. The earnestness of liver disease can be seen by United States statistic of 43967 people decease due to liver malignant neoplastic disease itself. Liver malignant neoplastic disease is regarded as the 7th biggest cause of decease in United States ( Hilal, Ali A. , and John D.S. Gaylor, 2006 ) . In order to forestall these diseases, an person should keep good hygiene. As mentioned above he/she should keep from imbibing intoxicant as it could take to cirrhosis of the liver. He/she should besides forbear from traveling in a chemical or biohazard mill, whereby the pollutants may come in the lung and damage the liver. If the individual s diagnostic trial consequences in a disease, the individual would necessitate remaining in bed, have tonss of H2O and eat good. As liver is a combination of sensitive tissues good attention is critical. The dramatic characteristic of liver is that it is the lone secretory organ able to renew its lost tissues. If the liver is cut 75 % , the staying 25 % has the ability to renew into a whole liver. This procedure takes merely a hebdomad or maximal few hebdomads. This capableness of liver has been acknowledged since the antediluvian Greek times. In fact there is a narrative about Prometheus being chained to a stone in the Caucasus mountain and his liver being partly eaten during the twenty-four hours by an bird of Jove merely to regenerate in the dark. This scenario really symbolizes how a liver half eaten could go full ( Michalopoulos, George, 1997 ) . For illustration, sawboness can take a subdivision of a healthy liver from an grownup and transfer it into a kid who has a diseased liver. The grownup s liver will quickly renew and be restored to full size. The kid s new liver will turn as the kid grows ( thinkquest, 2010 ) . Work citation Hilal, Ali A. , and John D.S. Gaylor. Bioartificial liver: reappraisal of scientific discipline demands and technology. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 3.1 ( 2006 ) : 80-97. inderscience. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //inderscience.metapress.com/app/home/ contribution.asp? referrer=parent A ; backto=searcharticlesresults,1,25 ; gt ; . Liver tissue. livertissue. N.p. , n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.livertissue.net/liver.html gt ; . Michalopoulos, George K. , and DeFrances, Marie C. , Liver regeneration: , Science, 4 April 1997: Vol. 276. no. 5309, pp. 60 66: Nyblom H, Berggren U, Balldin J, Olsson R ( 2004 ) . High AST/ALT ratio may bespeak advanced alcoholic liver disease instead than heavy drinking . Alcohol Alcohol. 39 ( 4 ) : 336-9. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh074. PMID15208167. hypertext transfer protocol: //alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup? view=long A ; pmid=15208167. Thinkquest. N.p. , n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //library.thinkquest.org/ 28807/data/excr2.htm gt ; .

10 Words for Categories of Words

10 Words for Categories of Words 10 Words for Categories of Words 10 Words for Categories of Words By Mark Nichol Antonym, homonym, pseudonym. Do nyms make you numb? Here’s a handy guide to words, familiar or unfamiliar, for classes of words: Acronym: An abbreviation, pronounced as a word, consisting of the initial letters of a multiword name or expression. It can consist entirely of uppercase letters (NASA) –thought British English has adopted an initial-cap style, which is employed in American English for longer acronyms like Nasdaq or lowercase letters (radar); the latter are also known as anacronyms. Anepronym: A trademarked brand name now used generically, such as aspirin or kleenex. Antonym: A word distinguished from another with an opposite meaning, such as large, as compared to small. There’s also a class of words called autoantonyms, contranyms, or contronyms, single words with contrasting meanings, like oversight, which can mean either â€Å"responsibility for† or â€Å"failure to be responsible for.† Eponym: A proper or common name deriving from another name, as San Francisco (in honor of St. Francis) or many scientific terms, such as watt (named after James Watt) and volt (from Allesandro Volta). Heteronym: A word spelled the same way for different meanings, such as wear (to clothe oneself) as opposed to wear (to atrophy); sometimes, as in this case, however, they have the same origin. A heteronym can be pronounced differently depending on meaning, such as bass, the musical instrument, and bass, the fish; this type of word is also called a heterophone. Homonym: A word pronounced or spelled the same but different in meaning, like hi and high (also called homophones). Bass, referred to above, is both a heteronym and a homonym. (Does that make it a binym or a duonym?) The homonym sow, which can mean a female animal such as a pig or can refer to planting seeds, is also a homograph, meaning that not only its pronunciation but also its origin and definition can differ. Metonym: A term that identifies something by its association: Articles about Microsoft often used to refer to the company metonymically as Redmond, the city in Washington State where its headquarters are located, just as Washington stands in for the U.S. government. Pseudonym: A name adopted by an author, such as Charles Lutwidge Dodgson’s use of Lewis Carroll. In a literary context, this is often referred to as a nom de plume (â€Å"name of the pen†). A related term is nom de guerre (â€Å"name of war†), originally in reference to French Foreign Legion enlistees who masked their identities but since then employed by guerrilla fighters to avoid reprisals against their families. Other examples of pseudonyms include stage names (performing arts), ring names (professional wrestling), and handles (computer hacking, or CB or ham radio operation). Synonym: A word with the same meaning as another, such as small, as compared to little. Toponym: A place name, whether it retains capitalization, or is lowercased in generic usage, such as burgundy. Dozens of other -nym words exist many for, as you might imagine, obscure classes of words. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?Rules for Capitalization in TitlesParticular vs. Specific

A Cigarette Lighter and a World Away Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Cigarette Lighter and a World Away - Essay Example I carefully peeled back the label and the years fell away with each new layer of wrapping paper. As I opened the box, my childhood came rushing out and filled the room with a new, yet familiar, aroma. Inside the box was a cigarette lighter. My grandmother had received it as a gift from what she called "an old flame", and it had always held a special place in my grandmother's purse. When I'd visit her I'd always ask, "Can I see the lighter", hypnotized by the mysterious beauty that it held. Now, it had been willed to me and with it came memories and thoughts of my grandmother.The solid silver lighter had been worn by decades of use, yet the hand tooled grooves still held the artistry of the French craftsman that had made it. It had a rugged feel, the sense of armed guards at the royal Victorian court. When I was younger, the lighter filled my small hands and weighed me down, as I'd run through the woods with it held tightly in my clutch. Its weight would pull me down, face first onto the forest floor as the smell of decaying leaves, newly uncovered by the spring thaw, caressed my senses. As the smell of the forest's morning dew faded, a memory of my grandma's "special recipe syrup" filled my mind. It was the aroma of maple syrup cooking in my grandma's backyard as she turned sap into a sweet nectar. She would always let me strike the lighter to light the woodpile that she evaporated the sap on. As the sap evaporated, it left behind the sweetness of pure maple syrup. Risking burning my hair, I would lean over the large pot just far enough to catch a whiff of that natural sweet smell. It would mix with the smoke from the burning wood and linger in my nostrils for hours. As I savored the smell of the maple, I caught another faint aroma, the distant smell of burning, fallen leaves. Fall was my favorite time to visit grandma. There was always the traditional Halloween and Thanksgiving treats, overly sweet with the taste of a bountiful harvest. But I had my best time when I was raking the leaves in the yard. Grandma used to give me fifty cents to rake the fallen leaves in the yard into one big pile. We would then set the pile on fire and marvel at the reds, blues, and purples in the blazing leaves. The smoke would sting my eyes and throat as it chased me around the yard. Grandma always let me light the lighter to start the leaves on fire, and it was one of the few times she ever let me light it. She would let me look at it and hold it but insisted that, "You should never start a fire that you can't put out". I would look for any excuse just to light that lighter. Grandma didn't know it, but I would have raked that yard for nothing just for the chance to see the bright flash of that sparkling flint. The few times I did get to put the lighter into action always made my hands smell of petroleum. This lighter, made way before the electric spark pre-packaged gas models, was powered by flint and lighter fluid. No matter how I tried, everytime I handled the lighter my young hands would be covered with the scent of the fluid. I smelled my hands now and could still smell the strong, yet strangely pleasant odor. I went to wash my hands, but the smell still hung in the air, and along with it others filled my nose. I recognized the smell of burning brush from the summer I helped grandma clean out her fencerows. It was a bonfire that towered over my childhood head, crisp and alive, flames shooting toward the sky as they consumed the tender young branches. I sensed the smell of a Pall Mall as I imagined grandma lighting her one vice, a non-filter mixture of exotically blended tobacco. The smell of a

The need for the ACA to provide american family the ability to Essay

The need for the ACA to provide american family the ability to purchase affordable comprehensive healthcare insurance that includes abortion coverage - Essay Example ely to improve the coverage of the comprehensive healthcare insurance and thus expand the benefits and coverage subsidies for most American businesses and individuals. The ICA policy is likely to results into several market reforms that will see many Americans, who previously could not afford healthcare insurance, take advantage of the expanded Medi-cal and federal subsidiaries through covered California; a health benefit exchange that will increase benefits covered under the comprehensive healthcare insurance while lowering the costs of insurance. However, with increased enrollment, improved benefits and implied limitations on the sharing of costs, most Americans are going to experienced increase in costs and premiums paid while purchasing individual medical covers for themselves and their families. According to the Californian Association of Health Plans (1-4), the ICA provisions are likely to affect costs of insurance in a number of different ways. One, individuals will be forced to buy insurance polices that offer almost similar benefits like those offered by the employer and this is likely to cost more and attract more premiums. Two, according to the National Institute for Health Care Management(1), the ACA requires insurance healthcare plans to cover a higher percentage of medical costs, which is likely to increase the annual premiums. Three, ACA will increase the insured benefits, which will result into a proportionate increase in the insurance costs because of increase in average premiums charged. Four, ICA forces insurance companies to cover pre-existing conditions and prohibits them from exerting extra charges for poor health conditions; this is likely to force them to raise the healthcare premiums for the entire market in order to widen the common pool. Five, based on the Milliman client report (10), ACA provisions make it very impossible to lower premiums based on age of applicant; this implies that younger people will be charged higher premiums just

Technology acceptance model (TAM) Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Technology acceptance model (TAM) - Article Example The paper tells that the idea of the technology acceptance model emerged in mid 70’s, when many researchers started paying attention to factors and issues that give explanation or forecast the acceptance of a variety of technologies. Basically, the TAM is referred as one of the descriptive theories having most influenced the models and ideas of human behavior. In addition, the technology acceptance model was exclusively built with the key objective of recognizing the factors and aspects involved in technology acceptance generally; secondly, to look at a wide variety of technology usage behaviors; and lastly, to offer an economical hypothetical descriptive model. Additionally, its roots reach to social psychology and based on the reasoned action model of Fishbein and Ajzen. According to the reasoned action model (RAM), the intention to generate a behavior depends on two fundamental factors: approach toward behavior and individual characteristics. In this scenario, individual ch aracteristics refer to the causes dues to which certain behaviors are produced or not and establish the connection between the final and a predictable outcome, while the approach toward behavior is referred as the optimistic or pessimistic value on which the behavior of individual associates is produced. The TAM is a modified or updated version of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to the area of IS. The technology acceptance model represents that the apparent worth and perceived ease of use determining an individual's aim to make use of a system with a goal to serve as an intermediary of actual system usage. In this scenario, the perceived worth is as well seen as being straight influenced through perceived easiness of usage. On the other hand, researchers have shortened the technology acceptance model by eliminating the attitude constructs originated in TRA from the present arrangements. In this scenario, the efforts to expand the technology acceptance model can normally take 1 o f 3 forms: by initiating issues from connected models, by initiating extra or substitute belief aspects, and by investigating the background and moderators of apparent value and apparent simplicity of practice. In view of the fact that both the TAM and TRA are composed of powerful behavioral

The Competitive Environment Of Astra Zeneca Business Essay

The Competitive Environment Of Astra Zeneca Business Essay As stated briefly in critical success factors (1.4) AstraZeneca has done quite well historically and analysis reveals that they are looking to position themselves strategically for the future. But in the pharmaceutical industry there is currently increased patent risks and low marginal product returns, pharmaceutical firms like AstraZeneca must reduce structural inefficiencies, cut costs which is required to enable them compete better in the changing global environment. Due to its enormous RD push, AstraZeneca suffers a relatively high rate of discontinuation in pre-approval products; there is also a required to reduce resource wastage. AstraZenecas balance geographical presence (the US accounts for over 60% of Pfizers market area) may be an advantage potential compare to other competitors geographic limitations and can help a good revenue growth should other competitors lag behind in expanding their territories. 1.2: Life Cycle Analysis In this section, an analysis of AstraZeneca position in the life cycle has led the company to adopt some decisions which we made mainly in the last 5 years. I have defined the terms, explaining where AstraZeneca stands in the life cycle management and also the strategic implications for its possible in the stage where it is in. Supported by the evidence mentioned in the sections about Fig 1: Industry Life Cycle At the stage where AstraZeneca is the market is very competitive, and this trend continues into the early period of the maturity stage. Besides many more competitors offering their products, other companies continue the product-differentiation process which begun in the growth stage. In the past 5 years there have been many competitors such as GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Merck Co. who were doing what AstraZeneca is doing, and this is one of the characteristics of the maturity stage. With the large number of firms producing products, the competition for customers becomes quite intense; the strategy for firms during the maturity stage becomes one of survival, as many competitors will eventually withdraw from the market. In this climate AstraZeneca has continued differentiating their models so that the market is aware of the differences in the companys products and the competitors products. 1.3: Porters Five Forces Analysis Five Forces Analysis a technique which I have used to for identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in pharmaceutical industry Fig. 2 Five Forces Diagrams Overall, AstraZeneca shows a very strong position in the market. The company remains highly valued; there are favourable market positions with strong financial growth. So far, its demand has been positive and despite increased competition and some of the patent expiry the industry still shows a continuing upward sustainable growth. Below is the analysis on what makes AstraZeneca success and survive in the internal competition with its rivals. 1.4: Critical Success Factors and Competitive Advantage This section identifies key areas in which AstraZeneca must outperform other competitors in order to succeed. In the year 1990 The Core Competence of the Corporation, Prahalad and Gary Hamel painted to the potential for capabilities to be the competitiveness, source of new products, and foundation for strategy. 1.4.1: Research and Development: AstraZeneca makes a major contribution to total UK research and development (RD) expenditure and is amongst the most RD-intensive companies in the UK. As discussed above in life cycle analysis, it invested an average of  £749 million on RD since 2004, which represents around 18% of turnover in 2007 alone and  £1 in every  £20 of all UK business RD. Looking at AstraZenecas global business as a whole, it is now standing as the 13th largest investor in ranks in RD in the world and ranked the second largest investor amongst businesses which are headquartered in the UK (Investing in UK PLC Article, 2004) Research Development is central to AstraZenecas business. It is vital to the identification and development of new therapies to advance human healthcare and of course a strong RD base is also vital to the long term success of the Company. In 2004 AstraZenecas global investment was  £1.9bn, making it the 24th largest investor in RD in the world and ranked the second largest investor amongst businesses which are headquartered in the UK. 1.4.2: Knowledge Workers: AstraZeneca employs a large number of scientists and researchers from a wide range of disciplines, as well as supporting the employment of others through its supply chain. At least 1,200 of AstraZenecas staff (or one in every 10 employees) have a PhD, whilst at least 600 have Masters Degrees. Therefore, at least 16% of AstraZenecas workforce is qualified to postgraduate level (this compares to 6% of all employees in employment in the UK with a post-graduate qualification). Given AstraZenecas need for highly qualified scientific and technology graduates, it is an active sponsor of graduate and post-graduate studies. It funded approximately 110 graduate studentships in 2004 with an estimated value of  £750,000, as well as funding significant levels of PhD students at a number of higher education institutions, either individually or through strategic agreements with Research Councils. 1.4.3: Science Base: AstraZeneca also plays an important role in supporting the wider development of science in the UK through links with institutions at all levels. AstraZeneca is also an active partner in the development of UK science and education policy. AstraZeneca also supports development of the teaching of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) skills in primary and secondary schools. The AstraZeneca Education Liaison Programme and sponsorship of the Creativity in Science and Technology (CREST) Awards (through the British Association for the Advancement of Science) for project work among 11-19 year olds. AstraZeneca is a key in growing economy in the UK this is characterised by the recognition of knowledge as a source of competitiveness, the importance of science, research, technology and innovation in knowledge creation, and the use of ICT to generate, share and apply knowledge. 2. Key business strategies of the company over past five years. Fig. 3: Bowmans Clock AstraZeneca has differentiates its products, it is often able to charge a premium price for its products or services in the market. Some general examples of differentiation include better service levels to customers, better product performance etc. in comparison with the existing competitors. Porter (1980) has argued that for a company employing a differentiation strategy, there is an extra cost that the company would have to earn. Such extra costs may include high marketing spending to promote a differentiated brand image for the product, which in fact can be considered as a cost and an investment. Differentiation has many advantages for AstraZeneca because it makes use strategy. Some problematic areas include the difficulty on part of the firm to estimate if the extra costs entailed in differentiation can actually be recovered from the customer through premium pricing. Moreover, successful differentiation strategy of a firm may attract competitors to enter the companys market segment and copy the differentiated product (Lynch, 2003). 2.1: Strategic Groups Analysis This section of Strategic Group Analysis (SGA) aims to identify organizations with similar strategic characteristics, following similar strategies or competing on similar bases. As put by Porter, A strategic group is the group of firms in an industry following the same or a similar strategy along the strategic dimensions (Porter, 1980, p.129) For more details, See Appendix 1 3. resources, capabilities and business strategies in the past 10 years. 3.1: Resource Based View of the AstraZeneca Below is the analysis of AstraZenecas unique resources and dynamic capabilities and how the company has managed to align its resources and capabilities to fit its business strategy. This analysis has supporting evidences that dates back 10 years. Firstly, Physical resources: these types of resources can be assessed in the form of buildings, equipment. At AstraZeneca they have development facilities in several countries, there are 30 sites for manufacturing in 20 countries and among those SEVERAL are in the UK. Secondly, there is human capital that is embodied in the skills and knowledge of employees of the firm, there is a large number of scientists who are employed by AstraZeneca. Financial capital these can be assessed through access to funds that can include the firms own revenue and borrowing power, AstraZeneca has generated  £11.8 billion and produces an operating profit of  £2.6 billion. Fourth, there is intellectual capital, which carries the reputation, goodwill, corporate image as whole, through the world and UK in particular medicine made by AstraZeneca are recognized as world class or world leading treatments. Last but not least, Social capital also accounts in the way the companys relations with buyer and suppliers and other stakeholders social capital, its two main sites act as significant link in the companys global supply chain -north west of the UK 3.2. Dynamic Capabilities of AstraZeneca Below is the analysis of AstraZenecas dynamic capabilities, this analysis has supporting evidences that dates back 10 years ago. Capabilities can be thought of as routines that firms perform to conduct their business (Nelson and Winter 1982). These are firm specific (non tradable), Capabilities can be both explicit and implicit (Conner and Prahalad 1996) Firstly, AstraZeneca develops manufacturer and sells a range of innovative drugs and therapy to combat different medical conditions. Secondly, research and development carried out at 11 research and development facilities located in seven countries among them there are 6 in the UK. Also, manufacturer takes place at 30 sites based in 20 countries, and 9 are in the UK. Dynamic capability its location in the UK example companys European business service office located in North West Chorlton-cum-hardy which is near the close to the centre of Manchester On the other hand, AstraZeneca spends development stage of each medicine of cost over 500 million pounds, in additional to that AZ continue research and development treatments in the serious diseases. In additional to that, HR, marketing, sales are located at the same facility near satellite sites, Tytherington and Macclesfield, On the hand, the Brixham laboratory lab medicines and manufacturing process to ensure that they meet stringent environment safety and regulations requirement 3.3: Strategic Fit Strategic fit expresses the degree to which an organization matches its resources and capabilities with the opportunities in the external environment or its existing business strategy. For AstraZeneca the benefits of good strategic fit include cost reduction, due to economies of scale, and the transfer of knowledge and skills. In AstraZeneca position, the business fit between resources and capabilities creates a demand for opportunities that address specific strategic needsopportunities that strengthen competitive advantage, that explore the use of new technologies, or create new markets and revitalize existing markets. Based on the analysis of resources (3.1) and capabilities (in 3.2) on previous sub-chapters,  I can compose a list of existing capabilities that support new objectives. On the other hand, Development of differentiated product and technology alternatives, this recognises that AstraZeneca have used technology advancement to enhance their RD in conjunction with differentiated product. Development of differentiated product profiles and business plans, this has been generated as a result of enormous amount of money which is spent on research and development as describes in previous topics. AstraZeneca is a key in growing economy in the UK this is characterised by the recognition of knowledge as a source of competitiveness, the importance of science, research, technology and innovation in knowledge creation, and the use of ICT to generate, share and apply knowledge. This advantage is couple with sponsorship of different education programmes in school to produce knowledge based company. AstraZeneca is the as UKs third pharmaceutical company and a lead in RD of medicine; this capability has successfully carried it to a wide range of medicines and drugs. Finally, AstraZenecas actions a resource/competence based analysis of its instinctive capabilities, those characteristics that give AstraZeneca distinct competitive advantage over its industry rivals. 3.4: AstraZeneca SWOT Analysis AstraZeneca since its merger in 1999 (Astra and Zeneca) has grown a global enterprise with over 64,000 employees on six continents. AstraZeneca has increasingly focused its efforts on RD and this remains its core business strategy. AstraZenecas strengths lie in its strong as a knowledge based organisation and strong marketing capabilities. AstraZenecas performance is characterized not only by size, but also by growth. In 2007, AstraZeneca achieved 18% revenue growth. AstraZeneca has also set records in each of the past seven years to 2007 with the biggest investment in RD. AstraZeneca strength in RD, marketing, and sales has made them a partner of choice for many companies in the pharmaceutical industry and they are involved in a wide range of research collaborations and a large number of licensing agreements with universities, institutes and organizations. Strength: RD advance with a broad therapeutic exposure Wide geographical coverage and therapeutic areas Existing Patent protection for a number of years on key products Weakness: Discontinuation of products in the latter stages of development Increased size and operational complexity makes AstraZenecaa less responsive company Opportunity: reducing development time through complimentary RD collaborations globalisation for new products/drugs/medicine Marketing agreements with companieswishing to capitalize on AstraZenecas marketing Strengths,providing AstraZenecarevenue growth in the process Threats: Patent expiry in 2009 and other due this year 2010 Competition from products similar to AstraZenecas in RD that reach the market close to or before AstraZenecas products The new economic emergency in China, India and competition in diverse regional markets. 4. References: 4.1: Websites http://www.csuchico.edu/mgmt/strategy/module8/index.htm http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/retrieve/2190/etd1838.pdf http://www.astrazeneca.com/investors/strategy/ http://college.hmco.com/hjinstruct/powerpt/ch03/sld020.htm http://university-essays.tripod.com/porters_generic_strategies.html http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_bowman.htm http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/strategy_clock/ 4.2.: Journal Article http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_93.htm http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=strategic-fit Nair, A. and Filler, L. (2003) Strategic Management Journal, 24, 145-159. Puerta, J. (2004) British Journal of Management, 15, 219-245. 4.3: Books Porter, M. E. (1976) Interbrand Choice, Strategy, and Bilateral Market Power, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusets. Porter, M. E. (1980) Competitive Strategy. Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, Free Press, New York. Warren, K. (2002) Competitive Strategy Dynamics, John Wiley Sons, Chichester. Zuniga-Vicente, J. A., Fuente-Sabate, J. M. d. l. and Rodriguez- 5. Bibliography Oster, S. M. (1994) Modern Competitive Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York. Porac, J. F., Thomas, H. and Baden-Fuller, C. W. F. (1989) Journal of Management Studies, 26, 397-416. Porac, J. F., Thomas., H. and Baden-Fuller, C. W. F. (1994) In Strategic Groups, Strategic Moves and Performance (Eds, Daems, H. and Thomas., H.) Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, pp. 117-137. Redwood, H. (1988) The Pharmaceutical Industry: Trends, Problems and Achievements, Oldwicks, Felixstowe. Taggart, J. (1993) The World Pharmaceutical Industry, Routledge, New York. 6: Appendices:

children stereotypes on tv Essay -- essays research papers fc

Stereotypes in Children’s Television: â€Å"The Proud Family†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Proud Family† is a children’s program that runs daily on The Disney Channel and on Saturday mornings on ABC Kids. It is a TV-G rated program. The show is about an African-American family with the last name Proud. There is a mom, dad, three kids, and a grandmother. The main character of the show is the oldest daughter named Penny Proud who is probably in junior high. Also, some of Penny’s friends are in the show. All of the characters in this show are stereotyped by many things such as race and gender, including Penny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first stereotype I noticed about the show was the way the cartoonist drew the different characters. All of the African-American characters were drawn with enormous lips and huge noses. Meanwhile, the two Caucasian characters in the show were both drawn with wider heads and seemed smarter than the other characters in the show. Also, all the African-American characters talked in a dialect while the Caucasian characters talked slower. In addition, all of the African-American characters all called each other â€Å"brotha,† which is another stereotype, because not all African-Americans call each other that or like to be called that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many stereotypes made about the main character Penny. First, her race is the main issue in the show. She is shown drawn the same way as the other African-American, with the bigger features described before. Penny also has a kind of attitude about her, which is also often associated with African-American females. Not only is she stereotyped by race, but by gender as well. She is shown as the smart and understanding friend, probably because she is the main girl character in the show. For example, when her friend, Dlionay, has a problem with a boy, Penny is the one that helps Dlionay out and gives her advice and helps her try to win back the boy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, there were also other gender stereotypes in the show as well. The girl, Dlionay was often shown as the kind of â€Å"damsel in distress.† A few times a boy was sent to rescue her. For example, one of her friends was stuck out in the water and instead of getting him herself, she plead to the other boy to please save him. This shows the stereotype that men are stronger and braver than women... ...e typical physical stereotypes of African-Americans, this show is good for children to see because the characters are kind to each other and it portrays a loving family and home and great friends for the children. I believe that overall this show gives a positive image of African-American characters to everyone who watches. Even though there were some stereotypes of race and gender, it didn’t affect the overall message of the program, which was to help out friends when they are in need and make sure your family is important in your life. This show was funny as it was compassionate. If I had children I would like them to watch this show because almost all of the other shows I saw on television before choosing to write about this one had Caucasian characters or animals and the main focus of the show. I believe that this program, â€Å"The Proud Family,† gives a great deal of diversity to The Disney Channel’s and ABC Kids other programs and gives children more of an opportunity to relate to a character and learn that minority people are in important part of out population as well. Works Cited Perse, Elizabeth M. Media Effects and Society. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2001.